Synnema and sclerotium production in Aspergillus caelatus and the influence of substrate composition on their development in selected strains.

The ability of Aspergillus caelatus, a species in Aspergillus section Flavi, to produce synnemata and sclerotia was investigated. Forty-eight isolates of A. caelatus differed widely in their production of synnemata and sclerotia; 83% of the isolates produced varying numbers of synnemata and sclerotia, and 17% produced neither sclerotia nor synnemata. Most strains produced synnemata and mostly sessile and few stipitate sclerotia on the same Czapek agar (CZA) plate. Two strains of A. caelatus were selected for further study because of the contrasting morphology of their synnemata and sclerotia. Those strains are NRRL 25528, the type species and a representative of the synnema- and black sclerotium-forming isolates, and NRRL 26119, considered an atypical strain that produced numerous synnemata and few slightly melanized or tan sclerotia. The induction and maturation of sclerotia in A. caelatus were affected greatly by the type of media as well as the kind and concentration of the carbon and nitrogen sources. CZA induced synnema and sclerotium production in both strains, whereas other media did not. Production of abundant synnemata and sclerotia also occurred when the carbon source in CZA is replaced with dextrose, xylose, cellobiose, melibiose and trehalose. CZA amended with serine, threonine, KNO(3) and NaNO(3) induced the production of numerous sclerotia and synnemata. For both strains, the optimal levels of sucrose and NaNO(3) for maximum production of synnemata or sclerotia were 3 and 0.9%, respectively. The production of synnemata and stipitate/sessile sclerotia by several wild-type strains of A. caelatus further substantiates previous suggestions for an evolutionary link between Aspergillus section Flavi and synnematal species A. togoensis, which also produces stipitate sclerotia.